Negative Self-Hypnosis

August 31st, 2010

I recently finished a series of blogs on self-hypnosis, if you need, you can go back and review those blogs. The reason I consider self-hypnosis so important is because of the tendency of the mind to lean towards negative self-hypnosis.

When I speak in public, sometimes members of the audience raise their hands and state they can not be hypnotized. It is true; some people can not be put into a trance, for example, if they are actively resistant, in a coma, or suffering from some type of brain injury. But, by the definition of hypnosis I use, almost everyone is hypnotizable because hypnosis is similar to a day dream. How many people reading this, do you imagine, have ever experienced a day dream? The difference is that normally a daydream lacks direction while hypnosis is goal oriented.

People confuse entering a trance, which can be learned, with accepting hypnotic suggestions. A hypnotic suggestion has three qualities: it is received by the inner mind without critical evaluation, it activates the imagination and, and in the manner of a post-hypnotic suggestion, it affects moods, motivations, and behaviors. This occurs consensually during a hypnotherapy session but in negative self-hypnosis it occurs without a trance and without conscious awareness. We are particularly susceptible to accept suggestions non-critically from those perceived to be authorities: parents, teachers, police, etc. This is a familiar experience in childhood and at times when we find ourselves limited or blocked as adults, we can go back and uncover these limiting negative suggestions, accepted non-critically, and bring them into consciousness. But as adults we often accept negative suggestions non-critically, especially those of our own making and creation.

All of us seem to experience a type of inner dialog which provides us with a running commentary on life and helps us to think through and solve problems. But at times this inner dialog, or self talk, speaks negative comments which if repeated and unchallenged over an extended period of time acts as self-hypnosis; the mind non-critically accepts the comment or suggestion as if it were true. Subsequently the imagination is activated and we imagine ourselves failing in our endeavors without even trying, this in turn affects our mood, motivation, and behavior. The mechanism of applying suggestions differ from hypnotherapy to negative self-hypnosis yet the effects of the later is insidious, damaging, and causes unnecessary suffering and harm.

The first step in countering the damaging effects of negative self-hypnosis is awareness, become aware of what you are doing through a process of observation and self-reflection. I remember when, in my late thirties, I realized that everything I thought was not necessarily true. This was an eye opening realization I wish had occurred earlier in my life, but at least it occurred for sadly some people go through their entire lives and never critically examine their thoughts or mental processes. If you find yourself the victim of your own negative limiting thoughts, practice self-awareness for a week; notice when, where, or with whom you start giving yourself negative suggestions; do not try to change your thoughts at this point, simply take note of them. As you engage in self-awareness maintain your courage because it can be discouraging to notice all the times and situations in your life which you fall victim to negative thinking; but remain optimistic because there is something you can do about it, awareness is only the first, but critical step.

After you realize just how much you engage in negative self-hypnosis the next step is to do something about it by applying the power of substitution. The power of substitution is simple and effective but requires consistency in its application. When you find yourself engaging in negative thinking, especially if it is in relation to an area of your life you are trying to change, stop it by invoking substitution. Intentionally substitute the negative thought with a positive suggestion. If you find your mind habitually wandering back to the negative thought, do not be alarmed, discouraged, or become self critical, just gently return your mind to the positive suggestion, do this as often as it takes, eventually you create a new positive mental habit.

It is important you construct your positive suggestion using the guidelines I previously gave; to review those guidelines click here. Let’s take a simple example to illustrate my point. At one time in my life I was terrified of public speaking. When I imagined speaking in front of a group of people I would visualize my palms sweaty, knees shaking, butterflies in the stomach, and voice jittery and lacking confidence because I was being judged by others. As it became increasingly important in my career to speak in front of groups I knew I needed to turn this around. I started by generating positive suggestions such as “When I speak in public, my voice is clear and strong. I enjoy people and that means I am at ease when speaking to others. In fact I am a natural speaker and my comfort at being in front of the room puts my audience at ease and that makes them receptive to my important message.” Whenever a negative thought about public speaking came to mind I would substitute it with this line of positive reasoning. If I was just about to go in front of an audience and I felt the symptoms of fear such as my heart pounding, I would substitute my thoughts as to what that meant. Instead of telling myself my heart pounding meant fear I told myself things like “This pounding heart means I am anticipating doing a wonderful presentation for my audience.” I even substituted my thoughts concerning feedback on my presentation. I was in the habit of dismissing positive feedback and taking negative feedback personally. Perhaps you can think of some ways you would substitute these negative thoughts for positive ones.

I also used the process of mentally practicing my presentation to increase my confidence of speaking in public. This is an important process about which I speak in greater detail in my next blog.

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Working with Affirmations and Self-Hypnosis Suggestions – Part 3

August 9th, 2010

This is the third of a three part series on self-hypnosis. In this article you will learn how to work with your suggestions while in self-hypnosis using one simple self-hypnosis induction.

The mantra method of self-hypnosis

Start this method by writing out your self-hypnosis suggestion using the guidelines previously given. Choose a descriptive phrase, image, or symbol which best represents your suggestions. For example, if you are working on public speaking you might think of the phrase “Relaxed Speaker” to describe how you want to be in front of an audience. This descriptive phrase becomes your post-hypnotic trigger.

Once you have written your suggestions, read them through thoroughly three times followed by your descriptive phrase. To start, work with a few suggestions targeted at a very specific behavior which is relatively free of emotional weight; something that seems relative easy to change and that you have direct control over.

Enter a trance states using the method described below. You will recognize you have entered a deep relaxed, day dreamy, trance like state but before you allow your mind to completely wander off, start repeating silently to yourself your descriptive phrase, repeat it like a mantra over and over. Or if you are working with a symbol or image recall the image as vividly as you can. If you are practicing at night, allow yourself to simply fall into a deep peaceful sleep.

However, if you are practicing during the day, set a predetermined amount of time for your practice, for example twenty minuets. When you sense the time has passed, count up from one to five. It is important that as you do this you give yourself suggestions to return to full alertness, fully awaken, fully aware, full of life and energy, etc.

Use your descriptive phrase as a post-hypnotic trigger. When you find yourself in situations or environments where you wish or need to practice your new behaviors, simply repeat silently over and over to yourself your descriptive phrase. Your conscious mind may not remember all the suggestions, but your subconscious mind will. Trust your subconscious mind.

Active relaxation induction

Start active relaxation by sitting in a comfortable chair with both feet firmly on the ground and your hands gently lying in your lap. Or alternatively, you may lie on a relaxing bed with legs uncrossed and arms to your side. Then gently close your eyes. Take a deep breath in and hold it for the count of three. Then as you exhale, silently repeat to yourself “Sleep Now”. Take second deep breath, hold it for the count of three, and again as you exhale silently repeat to yourself “Sleep Now”. Now take a third deep breath, hold it for the count of three and as you exhale again repeat to yourself “Sleep Now”. “Sleep Now” is simply a cue to create a conditioned response which, with practice, will help you to quickly enter a trance state.
Focus your attention on the toes of both feet. Tighten the muscles of your toes but not too tightly. Count slowly to ten. When you reach ten, relax your toes. As you do, notice how your body naturally relaxes and goes limp; imagine all the tension and stress flowing out your toes. Next contract the muscles of your legs but again, not to tight. Slowly count up ten. When you reach ten, relax your legs; again imagine all the tension flowing out your legs. Now move to the muscles in your abdomen. Tighten them, count slowly to ten and then relax them and as you imagine the all the tension flowing out your abdomen.

Repeat this process with the remaining major muscles groups of your body in the following order; chest, back, arm, neck and finally the head and face. Each time you relax your muscles, feel and imagine stress and tension flowing out of your body; imagine or visualize it being poured out like water. When you finish relaxing all the muscles, notice the day dreamy trance-like state, pay special attention to the sensations of relaxation. These sensations and feelings are unique to you. Remember them because when you use the words “Sleep Now” you will remember these feelings and sensations.

At this point simply start repeating silently to yourself your descriptive phrase or if you are working with a symbol or image recall the image as vividly as you can. If you are practicing at night, allow yourself to simply fall into a deep peaceful sleep. However, if you are practicing during the day, set a predetermined amount of time for your practice, for example twenty minuets. When you sense the time has passed, count up from one to five. It is important that as you do this you give yourself suggestions to return to full alertness, fully awaken, fully aware, full of life and energy, etc.

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Working with Affirmations and Self-Hypnosis Suggestions – Part 2

July 27th, 2010

This is the second of a three part series. In this article you will continue to learn how to construct self-hypnosis suggestion. Below we will finish with five general guidelines for putting together effective affirmations. Remember, always focus your suggestions on behavior, thoughts, and attitudes; the things that you have control over.

6. Be Specific

When you first start with suggests, work with a small group targeted at a very specific issue, theme or area of your life and continue to work with those suggestions until they are accepted by your subconscious.

It is best to start with suggestions that are easy to carry out in order to build up a positive experience of self-hypnosis because it will boost your confidence and encourage you to continue your practice.

7. Keep Your Language Simple

Language is primarily a conscious function and the subconscious has but limited language abilities. Therefore, use the language of a bright ten year old when you word your suggestions. Suggestions are not great literary efforts but just a means to influence your subconscious mind.

8. Exaggerate and Emotionalize

Powerful and exciting words influence the subconscious so pick out strong descriptive adjectives such as; wonderful, beautiful, exciting, great, thrilling, joyous, gorgeous, tremendous, excellent, etc.
When you say or think your suggestion, do it with an emotional intensity.

9. Use Repetition

Repeat, enlarge, and expand upon your suggestions using different words and phrasing. The more often you hear or repeat a suggestion, the more likely you are to act upon it but don’t simple repeat the same phrase; find various ways to say it.

10. Use Multiple Voices

Try constructing your suggestion using different voicings: first, second and even third person.

For example; I am ____ versus You are ____ versus Ray is ____

Notice how the feeling, energy, and power is different in each voice, Get a sense of which voice works best for the particular phrasing you are using in your suggestion.

In the next installment we will start working with suggestions along with a simple self-hypnosis induction.

Remember, I am happy to review your suggestions. Simply email and briefly describe the behavior, thought, or attitude you are working on along with any suggestions you have constructed and will gladly give you some positive feedback.

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Working with Affirmations and Self-Hypnosis Suggestions – Part 1

July 23rd, 2010

This is the first of a three part series. In this article you will start to learn how you should construct your affirmation or self-hypnosis suggestion. Below we will start with five general guidelines for putting together effective affirmations. Always focus on your affirmations and suggestions on your behavior, thoughts, and attitudes; the things that you have control over.

1. State a Clear and Strong Motivation

List out on a piece of paper all the reasons you want the suggestion to be accepted by your subconscious. What are your motivations to change your behavior? Write them out on a piece of paper.
Do your best to identify the emotional counterweights which tip the balance in favor of changing your current behavior. What is the emotion and feeling behind your desire to change? Write these feelings and emotions out on your piece of paper.

Begin stating your suggestion by starting with the motivating desires.

Because I want to ___ I ___

For example; because I want to feel physically fit, healthy, energetic and vibrant, I exercise three times a week.

2. Be Positive

Do not mention the negative behaviors, thoughts or attitudes you are working to replace. Instead repeat and reinforce positive behaviors, thoughts or attitudes you are substituting for your old ways. Find and articulate the positive alternative behaviors, thoughts, or attitudes. Remember what is expected will tend to be realized. This is the power of affirmations.

3. Always Use Present Tense

This may seem strange to your rational mind, but always use present tense, even when constructing affirmations and suggestions regarding future behavior.

Rather than saying; ‘tomorrow I will feel good.” Phrase your suggestion such that it reads; “tomorrow I feel good.”

When repeating your affirmation imagine them manifesting in the present moment; by using your imagination you communicate with your subconscious.

See yourself as having already accomplished your goal. Imagine what you are suggesting is true, not something unobtainable or off in the far future.

What you conceive to believe you will achieve.

4. Set a Time Limit

Although you state your suggestions in the present tense, your conscious mind knows things can not be achieved instantaneously. Therefore get a realistic time frame or a feel for how long it will take to achieve your goal or desired new behavior.

Use words such as; “very soon,” “tomorrow,” “next week,” “on Tuesday” etc.

Use phrases such as; “more and more now,” “day by day,” “from this day forward,” etc.

5. Suggest Action, not Ability

This is last point is critically important. Suggest new behavior, thoughts, and attitudes. For example rather than writing; “I have the ability to be stay calm when talking to my boss;” formulate the suggestion to read; “When I speak with my boss tomorrow I remain calm, focused and clear headed, ” or alternatively “As I am talking to my boss tomorrow, I am focusing and remaining calm. Use the gerund verb form (___ing) to suggestion present action.

Next we will review the remaining guideline on writing affirmations and suggestions. If you like, I will be happy to review your affirmations or suggestions. Simply email me at briefly describe the behavior, thoughts, or attitudes you are working along with the suggestions that you have constructed.

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It’s All About the Calories

June 16th, 2010

I am a big fan of the Teaching Company and recently they sent me a free lecture by Professor Anding entitled It’s All About the Calories. Professor Anding is a clinical dietitian and the Director of Sports Nutrition at Baylor College of Medicine. I found her lecture enlightening and educational. For example, if you require 2000 calories per day and you overeat by just a mere 100 calories per day without increasing physical activity, you will gain 10 lbs per year. Small increases add up over time.

Our gender, age, muscle mass, and amount of exercise influences the total amount of calories we require. Our basal metabolic rate is the number calories required for rest. This includes calories needed for heart rate, digestion, respiration, and the maintenance of blood pressure and body temperature. This accounts for 60% to 75 % of calories we need per day. The thermic effect of food is the calories required to digest our food and accounts for 10% to 30% of the energy we use daily. This depends on the food we eat. For example, a meal of pure protein requires 25% of the food’s calories to digest but this is not practical or desirable. Fortunately, moderate exercise shortly after meals increases the thermic effect up to 50%. So instead of laying or sitting down after a meal, go for a walk, do something.

However, do not confuse being busy with physical activity. It is possible to be “skinny fat,” that is to be normal weight but metabolically fat. We lose 3% of our muscle mass per decade in a phenomenon known as sarcopenia. This is not an aspect of normal aging, but rather a consequence of our sedentary lifestyle. This highlights our need for both aerobic exercise and strength training because aerobic exercise does not promote the lean mass gains as strength training does.

Another factor that affects the amount of daily calories we need is voluntary activity that is not exercise. In some ways, this is a personal characteristic since some peoples are naturally more fidgety than others are. However, we can increase our voluntary movements by consciously getting up and moving around during our day. Try setting a timer every 10 or 15 minutes to remind you to get up and move around.

So how many calories do we need? The number of calories we consume determines our total energy intake. Our basal metabolic rate, the thermic effect of food, and our physical activity determine our total energy expenditure. To calculate our calorie requirements we can use the Hamwi equation to determine our ideal body weight. For females, add 100 lbs for first 5 feet of height and then 5 lbs for each inch after that. For males, add 106 lbs for the first 5feet of height and then 6 lbs or each inch after that.

The calories needed for our basal metabolic rate equals our ideal body weight times 10. For me, 5 foot 8 inches, my ideal body weight is 154 lbs, therefore in order for me to loss weight without losing lean mass, I require (154 x 10) or 1540 calories per day. That is without any increase in my physical activity. However, if you are sedentary, not walking or exercising, you add 30% to your basal metabolic rate. You add 50% if you are get moderate exercise and can add 100% if you have a physically active job and get regular exercise. My daily calorie requirements adds up to 1540 + 30%, or 2002 calories since I am currently somewhat sedentary. Note however that Professor Anding warns us that most people out eat their exercise because we underestimating our total caloric intake. This is primarily due to fact that portion sizes have steadily increase over the years.

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A Technique for Forgiveness

April 29th, 2010

Here is a challenging way to work towards forgiveness. This method is not appropriate for every situation; however, it can help you let go of unwanted anger and resentments. Only start this process when you are ready. You need to be safe and away from all and any danger. In addition, you need to be ready to let go; at the point where enough is enough already.

Start by reviewing your story, the narrative you tell yourself about what the person did to offend you or cause you hurt and harm. Now, and here is the challenge, what do you do, have done, or have not done, specifically or in general, that is in any way similar to what this person has done and for which you have not apologized or asked forgiveness? If you cannot think of anything, what do you do or have done that may have offended or hurt another for which you have not apologized or asked for forgiveness? If you still cannot think of anything then how can the person who offended you harm someone so perfect?

Do you do, not do, or have done this thing because you are a vicious representation of ultimate evil sent to destroy humanity? On the other hand, is it because you are an ordinary human being who sometimes says and does thing that you later regret? Can you forgive yourself for being an ordinary human who makes mistakes, perhaps even ignorantly and unknowingly?

Now, does the person who hurt you do, not do, or have done that thing because they are an inhuman representation of ultimate evil sent to destroy you? Alternatively, is it plausible that it is because they are an ordinary human being who sometimes say and do things that they later regret? If you can forgive yourself for your shortcomings, then can you forgive others for theirs, even if they are ignorant of their shortcomings?

When you forgive someone, I rarely recommend you approach the person and tell him or her that you forgave them, unless they have asked for forgiveness. Have you every had someone tell you that they forgive you when you felt you have done nothing wrong? They may not believe that they need your forgiveness but more importantly, remember; forgiveness is for you, so that you can move on with your life and open up life for new growth and opportunity.

If you need help forgiving someone or letting go of anger and resentment, please feel free to call (805) 637-4263 or send me an email.

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Forgiveness

April 20th, 2010

What does it mean to forgive another? Not ask forgiveness for the wrongs we have committed, but what is it to forgive another who has offended, harmed, or hurt us. A traditional way of thinking about forgiveness starts with the idea of victimization. Someone has wronged or harmed us in someway; we are the victim. In order for us to forgive them, they must first recognize they have hurt us, they must admit guilt. Then they must approach us, contrite and repentant, and ask for our forgiveness. Next, justice must be done. They must make retribution and set things right by us. Finally, in our mercy, we bestow upon them forgiveness. Until all this happens, we are justified for holding on to our resentment, hatred, and anger. Or are we?

I believe there is an alternative way. First, let us look at some recent research on forgiveness. Studies show that people who forgive are happier and healthier than people who are unforgiving and who hold onto anger, grudges, and resentments. Current research shows that forgiveness may even be essential to happiness. If we hold onto anger, hatred, and resentment, it affects our life, not the other persons. Our bodies experience the impact and stress of negative emotions. We suffer, not the other person. Additional research has found forgiveness improves our physical health. Just the act of thinking about, or imagining, forgiving an offender leads to improved functioning in our cardiovascular and nervous systems. Further studies at the University of Wisconsin found that forgiving people were less likely to suffer from a range of illnesses but unforgiving people, on the other hand, report a greater number of health problems.

Next let us ask the question; what is forgiveness? Does it mean we are weak? No, on the contrary, it takes strength, insight, and maturity to forgive someone, especially if he or she cannot or will not acknowledge doing us wrong. Does it mean we allow the person to continue to harm or take advantage of us? No, forgiveness does not mean we forget. Furthermore, we are responsible to protect and take care of ourselves. However, we must use discretion and in some cases, will need to remove ourselves from the offender. Does it mean the wrongdoer escapes justice? No, if in the process of harming us someone broke the law, allowing him or her to escape justice only empowers him or her to harm others in the future. We have an ethical responsibility to protect others by making sure the person faces justice. What then is forgiveness?

Forgives means we no longer allow the offender to have power over us or our ability to live a happy life. We let go of resentment, anger, and hatred and move on with our lives. Forgiveness is something we do for ourselves, not the other person. A good example is the story of Eva Mozes Kor, a victim of the Holocaust, who forgave the Nazis who killed her family. In particular, she forgave Dr. Mengele, who performed medical experiments on her and her twin sister. I often recommend the movie Forgiving Dr. Mengele, which documents her story to clients working on issues involved with forgiving others. Her decision to forgive the Nazi’s did not mean she condoned their actions, it did not mean she did not seek justice; it did not mean she continue to allow herself to be a victim. In fact, her decision to forgive allowed her to shed her identity as a victim as it came from a place of power and agency. For her it made room for a new future with new opportunities for growth and maturity.

If you need help forgiving someone please feel free to call (805) 637-4263 or send me an email.

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Irritable Bowel Symptom

April 1st, 2010

I recently came across an interesting article on the effective use of hypnotherapy for easing the symptoms of Irritable Bowel Symptom (IBS). According Dr Roland Valori, symptoms improved significantly for 9 in 10 patients treated using hypnosis. Although there is substantial evidence showing the value of hypnotherapy for treating IBS, it is not widely used because doctors do not believe in hypnosis.

The power of belief is important for the effectiveness of any treatment whether it be medical or otherwise. Medical researchers long ago documented the placebo effect and now use their understanding of it in control groups against which they test the effectiveness of their treatments.

The article quotes Dr Valori, “It is pretty clear to me that it has an amazing effect.” He believes that the reason hypnotherapy is so effective for IBS is because “of the relaxation therapies available, hypnotherapy is the most powerful.” He also notes that often those who suffer with IBS often need help coping with stress and that hypnotherapy can help them cope with stress in a healthy way.

Dr Valori makes some important points. If you suffer from IBS, hypnotherapy can be effective. Of all the relaxation techniques hypnosis may be one of the most profound. Finally, hypnotherapy can help you deal with stress in a effective and healthy way.

If you would like to learn more about the use of hypnotherapy and IBS please feel free to call (805) 637-4263 or send me an email.

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Brain Fitness

March 12th, 2010

Some clients come to me and ask for help with improving of maintaining their cognitive skills. I use self-hypnosis to help me to concentrate and focus and I teach these clients to do the same. However, we all know, our cognitive skills seem to decline with age. I have seen then evidence of cognitive decline in my own parents and therefore I have become extremely curious in brain fitness. How do we keep ourselves cognitively fit throughout life? I would like to share with you some of the information I have uncovered.

First, to a certain degree, our genetic makeup dictates our cognitive capacities. However, remember, our genes are not our destiny and there are lifestyle choices within our control, which affect our cognitive health. Lifestyle choices that affect our cognitive abilities include nutrition, exercise, presenting ourselves with cognitive challenges, and reducing our stress.

For instance, our weight and nutrition influence our cognitive skills. During regular medical checkups, make sure your doctor checks your weight, blood pressure, and glucose and cholesterol levels because unfortunately, there is growing evidence that obesity is associated with impaired cognitive function. However, researchers are not clear on the cause and effect relationship. It could be that obesity leads to impaired cognitive functions, or that impaired cognitive functions leads to obesity, or it could be that psychological effects of obesity, such as depression, lead to impaired cognitive functions. For a healthy mind and heart many experts recommend the Mediterranean diet which includes; eating your meals with family or friends, eating a generous amount of fruits and vegetables, consuming healthy fats such as olive oil, using herbs and spices instead of salt, eating small portions of nuts, drinking red wine, in moderation of course, eating very little red meat, and eating fish or shellfish at least twice a week.

Emerging evidence shows that regular exercise positively affects brain function. It is important to remember with exercise that no one size fits all. Each persons needs are unique and it may be important for you to consult your doctor before starting an exercise regime. The goal is to have your body feel as if it has done something on a regular basis; consistency is the key.

It is important to keep the brain active by giving it cognitive challenges. The brain is like a muscle, which needs regular exercise. Long-term activities repeated repetitively unfortunately do not count. For an activity to benefit the brain, it must be a new and novel challenge. Think about the things you always meant to do but never had the opportunity such as learning a new language, or learning to play a musical instrument, or taking up painting, or dancing. Unfortunately, doing the daily crossword puzzle for thirty years will not help maintain cognitive fitness. Doing crosswords or Sudoku puzzle will help only if you have not done them in the past. The key is new and novel. Fortunately, there is a growing assortment of computer programs, which offer diverse and challenging cognitive activities.

We all know that it is difficult to think under pressure but with chronic stress, our cognitive skills steadily decline. Just like exercise, different people prefer different ways to manage the stress in their lives. For some it may involve mediation or yoga, for others exercises such as hiking or biking work well. Whatever it is, it is important to find an activity or activities that that works for you to manage stress in your life.

All of this, of course, is easier said than done; however, the hypnosis and imaginal work I do can help you make healthy lifestyle choices by increasing your motivation to engage in healthy activities and assisting you in overcoming blocks that prevent you from doing so. If you would like to learn more about brain and cognitive fitness please feel free to call (805) 637-4263 or send me an email.

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Allow the Present to Expand

February 11th, 2010

I am reading The Time Paradox by Philip Zimbardo and John Boyd. They present an interesting model of time and our relationship with it. The state that there are six time orientations; past-negative, past-positive, present-fatalistic, present-hedonistic, future, and future-transcendental. In their book, they mention the using hypnosis to liberate behavior from time-bound control. Although, being future oriented is generally beneficial because those who are future oriented set goals and forego immediate gratification to achieve their goals. Unfortunately, however, future oriented people can be over controlling, do not stop to enjoy the present, and sometime are prone to worry and anxiety. On pages 117 and 118, they describe an interesting experiment using hypnosis to liberate the participants from their preferred future orientation. They trained the experimental group in rapid, deep hypnotic induction and then gave them a tape-recorded message: “Allow the present to expand and the past and future to become distant and insignificant.” Afterwards, they had all of the participants, including the control group; perform several activities to determine their time orientation. They found hypnosis liberated the future oriented participants from their usual time bound attitude; “they become expansively focused on the present”. Zimbardo and Boyd stress that it is important to have a balanced between past-positive, present-hedonistic, and future. However, those who have an unbalance perspective can use hypnosis to help them appreciate and enjoy the past, present, and future. I highly recommend this book for anyone who is interested in understanding how their relationship to time affects their behavior.

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